Probability-based tampering detection scheme for digital images

In recent years, digital watermarking technology has been widely used for property rights protection and integrity authentication of digital images. Image integrity authentication is usually done by a fragile watermarking scheme. When authenticating image integrity, one must extract the embedded authentication message from the image for comparison with the image feature to identify whether the image has been tampered with, and if so, locate the affected area. However, such authentication schemes may result in detection error problems. Namely, the tampered area may be misjudged as not having been tampered with, or vice versa. Hence, methods that effectively reduce errors in tampering detection have become an important research topic. This study aims to integrate a probability theory to improve image tampering detection accuracy and precision. The scheme includes two processes: the embedding of an image authentication message and tampering detection. In the image tampering detection process, in addition to identifying whether the image has been tampered with and locating the tampered area, through the authentication message embedded in the image, a probability theory is employed to improve previously obtained detection results to enhance authentication accuracy. The experimental results reveal that the proposed scheme performs well in terms of detection precision and authentication accuracy rate.