Cost effective process for high-efficiency solar cells

A new method for patterning the rear passivation layers of high-efficiency solar cells with a mechanical scriber has been developed and successfully adapted to fabricate high-efficiency passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC). Three types of the rear contact patterns: dot patterns with a photolithography process, line and dashed line patterns with a mechanical scriber process have been processed in order to optimize the rear contact structure. An efficiency of 19.42% has been achieved on the mechanical-scribed (MS)-PERC solar cell on 0.5 Ω cm p-type FZ-Si wafer and is comparable to that of conventional PERC solar cells fabricated by using photolithography process. The mechanical scriber process shows great potential for commercial applications by achieving high efficiency above 20% and by significantly reducing the fabrication costs without an expensive photolithography process. Low-cost Ni/Cu metal contact has been formed by using a low-cost electroless and electroplating. Nickel silicide formation at the interface enhances stability and reduces the contact resistance resulting in an energy conversion efficiency of 20.2% on 0.5 Ω cm FZ wafer.