LEEM and UHV-PEEM: A retrospective

The evolution of LEEM and the later extension to spectroscopic PEEM, which run more or less parallel to Gertrude F. Rempfer's involvement in UV-PEEM and LEEM, are recounted with emphasis on instrumentation.

► LEEM for surface structure analysis.
► XPEEM for surface chemical, electronic and magnetic analysis.
► PEEM for studying biological samples.