Hydrogen from aqueous fraction of biomass pyrolysis liquids by catalytic steam reforming in fluidized bed

Sustainable pathways for producing hydrogen as a synthesis intermediate or as a clean energetic vector will be needed in the future. Renewable biomass resources should be taken into account in this new scenario. Processing through a pyrolysis step, optimized to high liquid production (bio-oil), increases the energy bulk density of biomass for transportation. Steam reforming of the aqueous fraction is an alternative process that increases the hydrogen content of the syngas. However, the thermochemical conversion of organic compounds derived from biomass involves drawbacks such as coke formation on the catalysts. This work studies the performance of Ni–Al catalysts modified with Ca or Mg in the steam reforming of the aqueous fraction of pyrolysis liquids and the resulting coke deposits. The catalyst composition influenced the quantity and type of coke deposits. Calcium improved the formation of carbonaceous products leading to lower H2/CO ratios while magnesium improved the WGS (water gas shift) reaction. The strategy of reducing the space velocity resulted in a low coke removal although the addition of small quantities of oxygen decreased the coke content of the catalyst by more than 50% weight. Greater efficiency and further catalyst development are needed to improve the energetic requirements of the process.