3-D interpretative modelling applied to the geology of the Kawerau geothermal system, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

• 3-D visualisation of the geology is key to understanding complex data sets.
• The model provided insight into the geological and structural framework of Kawerau.
• Interpretations of geology and structure can easily be tested in the 3-D space.
• Development of parallel models led to quicker identification of errors.
• The 3-D geological framework supports effective adaptive management of the field.

Successful development of a geothermal system requires reliable information on its permeability and fluid pathways, which can be fault-controlled and/or influenced by the lateral extent of its reservoir rocks. Utilisation of implicit 3-D visualisation and modelling software allows complex geological and structural framework models to be established that support exploration, and help constrain borehole-targeting with reduced drilling risk and cost. The ability to model geology in a 3-D interface has provided new insights regarding the geological framework, controls on deep-seated permeability, volcanic and basement stratigraphic correlations, and geothermal system evolution in a case study from Kawerau, New Zealand.