Magnetocaloric effects in Ni–Mn–X based Heusler alloys with X=Ga, Sb, In

The Mn-based Heusler alloys encompass a rich collection of useful materials from highly spin-polarized systems to shape memory alloys to magnetocaloric materials. In this work we have summarized our studies of magnetostructural transitions from paramagnetic austenite to ferromagnetic martesite phases at TMC in Ni2MnGa-based alloys (Ni2Mn0.75Cu0.25-xCoxGa, Ni2Mn0.70Cu0.30Ga0.95Ge0.05, Ni2Mn1-xCuxGa, Ni2+xMn1-xGa, and Ni2Mn0.75-xCuxGa), and martensitic transitions from the ferromagnetic austenite to the martesite state in off-stoichiometric Ni–Mn–(In/Sb) Heusler alloys. The phase transition temperatures and respective magnetic entropy changes (ΔS) depend on composition in these systems and have been determined from magnetization measurements in the temperature interval 5–400 K, and in magnetic fields up to 5 T. It is shown that, depending on the composition and doping scheme the “giant” ΔS=40–60 J/(kgK) (for a field change of 5 T) can be observed in the temperature range (300–360 K) for the Ga-based alloys. The interplay between or coupling of the various transitions in Ni2Mn(Mn,X) systems with X=Sb and In leads to exchange bias effects, giant magnetoresistance, and both inverse and “normal” magnetocaloric effects.