Converging concepts: Adaptive response, preconditioning, and the Yerkes–Dodson Law are manifestations of hormesis

The adaptive response in toxicology and environmental mutagenesis, preconditioning in biomedicine and the Yerkes–Dodson Law in psychology have dominating research themes with widespread and significant scientific and societal implications. This paper suggests that these apparently independent biological dose–response phenomena are manifestations of the common and more general biphasic dose–response relationship concept called hormesis. These three types of dose–response, as well as the hormesis concept, may represent the same general type of adaptation, which were discovered independently in different biological disciplines, amongst which there has been little communication. This intellectual isolation, due principally to progressively greater disciplinary specialization, resulted in the evolution of different terminologies for dose–response phenomena with strikingly similar quantitative features. This lack of recognition of converging dose–response concepts across disciplines has important implications since it limits the recognition of a common and basic biological concept while minimizing collaborations by investigators in related areas. The paper concludes that the broadly recognized biological adaptive responses, as described by the concepts of adaptive response, preconditioning and the Yerkes–Dodson Law, are special cases of the more general hormesis dose–response concept.