کد مقاله کد نشریه سال انتشار مقاله انگلیسی نسخه تمام متن
2045613 1073496 2006 4 صفحه PDF دانلود رایگان
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله ISI
Cooperation and the Scale of Competition in Humans
موضوعات مرتبط
علوم زیستی و بیوفناوری علوم کشاورزی و بیولوژیک علوم کشاورزی و بیولوژیک (عمومی)
پیش نمایش صفحه اول مقاله
Cooperation and the Scale of Competition in Humans
چکیده انگلیسی

SummaryExplaining cooperation is one of the greatest challenges for evolutionary biology 1, 2 and 3. It is particularly a problem in species such as humans, where there is cooperation between nonrelatives. Numerous possible solutions have been suggested for the problem of cooperation between nonrelatives, including punishment, policing, and various forms of reciprocity 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14. Here, we suggest that local competition for resources can pose a problem for these hypotheses, analogous to how it can select against cooperation between relatives 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21. We extend the prisoner's dilemma (PD) game to show that local competition between interacting individuals can reduce selection for cooperation between nonrelatives. This is because, with local competition, fitness is relative to social partners, and cooperation benefits social partners. We then test whether nonrelated humans adjust their level of cooperation facultatively in response to the scale of competition when playing the PD for cash prizes. As predicted, we found that individuals were less likely to cooperate when competition was relatively local. Cooperation between humans will therefore be most likely when repeated interactions take place on a local scale between small numbers of people, and competition for resources takes place on a more global scale among large numbers of people.

ناشر
Database: Elsevier - ScienceDirect (ساینس دایرکت)
Journal: - Volume 16, Issue 11, 6 June 2006, Pages 1103–1106
نویسندگان
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