The roles of organic anion permeases in aluminium resistance and mineral nutrition

Soluble aluminium (Al3+) is the major constraint to plant growth on acid soils. Plants have evolved mechanisms to tolerate Al3+ and one type of mechanism relies on the efflux of organic anions that protect roots by chelating the Al3+. Al3+ resistance genes of several species have now been isolated and found to encode membrane proteins that facilitate organic anion efflux from roots. These proteins belong to the Al3+-activated malate transporter (ALMT) and multi-drug and toxin extrusion (MATE) families. We review the roles of these proteins in Al3+ resistance as well as their roles in other aspects of mineral nutrition.