Insights into the novel three ‘D's of epilepsy treatment: drugs, delivery systems and devices

Here, we review three ‘D's – drugs, delivery systems and devices – that can selectively target not only brain regions but also abnormal cells in the epileptic nervous system. This review also offers insights into the novel molecular targets that enabled the development of new antiepileptic drugs with improved efficacy. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems and alert, diagnostic, surgical and brain stimulation devices designed for the control and management of epilepsy are also discussed. Although the application of the three ‘D's continues to be valuable, this review also considers computer-aided software systems, with special emphasis on seizure detection and management. Finally, challenges that still loiter in the field and future prospects that, once accomplished, could lead to cures for epilepsy are addressed.