Overcoming the hurdles in using mouse genetic models that block TGF-β signaling

The recent recognition of the importance of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in mediating many cellular immune functions has popularized the use of mouse models where TGF-β signaling is blocked in specific cell types. However, there are some caveats affiliated with each model. Here we describe and show evidence for some of the limitations of these models and provide insight into ways to improve the utility of these animals for in vivo studies.