Effects of follicular atresia and size on the developmental competence of bovine oocytes: A study using the well-in-drop culture system

The effect of granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis and follicle size on the competence of bovine oocytes were studied using a well-in-drop (WID) oocyte/embryo culture system, which allows identification of follicular origin. Hatching rates of blastocysts did not differ (P > 0.05) between oocytes cultured in the WID system (13%) and those cultured in the conventional group system (16%). Hatching rates of blastocysts were higher (P < 0.05) in early atretic (17%) than in non-atretic (8%) and late atretic follicles (10%) of the same size (4–8 mm), and in 6–8 mm (22%) than in 4–5 mm follicles (15%) at the early atretic stage. More oocytes (P < 0.05) from late atretic (17%) than from non-atreteic (7%) or early atretic follicles (9%) of the same size (4–8 mm) were arrested at Grade 1 cumulus expansion (only cells in the peripheral two layers began to expand). Similarly, more oocytes from 2 to 3 mm follicles (30%) than from 6 to 8 mm follicles (21%) at the same (late) atretic stage had Grade 1 cumulus expansion (P < 0.05). Hatching blastocyst percentages of oocytes with Grade 3 (all layers of the cumulus except corona radiate cells expanded) or Grade 4 (full) cumulus expansion were higher in early atretic (20%) than in non-atretic (13%) or late atretic follicles (12%). Hatching blastocyst percentages of oocytes from follicles at the early atretic stage increased as cumulus expanded from Grade 2 (9%) to Grade 4 (27%). Regardless of the degree of follicle atresia, 72–76% of the floating cells in the follicular fluid (FF) were undergoing apoptosis. The floating cell density in FF was highly (r = 0.6–0.7) correlated with oocyte developmental potency. In conclusion, the WID culture system was as efficient as group culture and allowed identification of follicular origin. Furthermore, the developmental potential of oocytes was affected by GC apoptosis, follicle size and cumulus expansion, and the floating cell density in FF could be used as a simple and non-invasive marker of oocyte quality.