Effects of liquid preservation of sperm on their ability to activate oocytes and initiate preimplantational development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the pig

The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of liquid preservation conditions on the ability of pig sperm to activate oocytes, form a male pronucleus, and initiate preimplantational development of embryos after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Porcine ejaculates were preserved at 4, 14, and 24 °C for up to 48 h, and then damage to the plasma membrane, morphologic changes of the acrosome, and the amount of phospholipase Cζ (PLCζ) in the sperm were assessed by SYBR-14/propidium iodide staining, fluorescein isothiocyanate–conjugated peanut agglutinin staining, indirect immunofluorescence, and Western blots, respectively. The proportion of sperm with a disintegrated plasma membrane or damaged acrosome increased in all samples as the duration of preservation increased, although the time courses of the increases varied among preservation temperatures. The immunolocalization and immunoreactivity of PLCζ in the sperm showed its reduction concurrent with disintegration of the plasma membrane and acrosome. Rates of oocyte activation, male-pronuclear formation, and blastocyst formation after ICSI using sperm preserved for 18 h at 24 °C (78%, 62%, and 35%, respectively) and for 48 h at 14 °C (63%, 53%, and 28%, respectively) were significantly higher than those of any other sperm sample. We concluded that the damage to the plasma membrane and acrosome, and a sufficient amount of PLCζ in the sperm head, enhanced successful oocyte activation, fertilization, and early development of the oocytes after ICSI. Moreover, we inferred that appropriate liquid preservation of sperm improved the efficiency of blastocyst production in vitro after ICSI in pigs.