The integrin α5β1 regulates chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation induced by GTP-bound transglutaminase 2

Soluble GTP-bound transglutaminase 2 (TG2) induces hypertrophic differentiation in chondrocyte cultures in a β1 integrin-dependent fashion. β1 integrin subfamily consists of 12 heterodimers with 12 different α subunits and a β1 subunit. To identify the specific integrin heterodimer(s) responsible for this process, we specifically blocked individual β1 integrins on the CH-8 immortalized human chondrocytes during hypertrophic differentiation. Blockade of α5β1 inhibited matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), type X collagen expression, alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix calcification by 30–50% associated with weak effects of anti-α3β1 and -α4β1. Anti-α1β1, -α2β1 and -α6β1 had no effect. To examine whether the dominant effect of integrin α5β1 was due to a direct interaction with TG2, we incubated the chondrocytic cells on plates coated with GTP-bound TG2. The immobilized GTP-bound TG2 induced hypertrophic differentiation to the same extent as the soluble GTP-bound TG2, which was also inhibited by anti-α5β1. CH-8 cells grown on plates coated with GTP-bound TG2 demonstrated adherence associated with focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation. These properties were inhibited by anti-α5β1. Furthermore, engagement of α5β1 on CH-8 cells via anti-α5β1 antibody did, in fact, induce differentiation. Although CH-8 cells adhered to GTP-free TG2 via integrin α5β1, the cells failed to undergo hypertrophic differentiation. Thus, integrin α5β1 is critical for the chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation induced by GTP-bound TG2, and this induction is ligand dependent.