Interleukin 24: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of an anti-cancer gene

Interleukin 24 (mda-7/IL-24) has been classified as an anti-cancer gene for its ability to selectively induce cell death in cancer cells while having little to no effect on normal cells. Although the exact mechanisms by which IL-24 functions have not been completely elucidated, several pathways have consistently been identified: endoplasmic reticulum stress, ceramide-mediated events, and the generation of reactive oxygen species. In addition to these mechanistic analyses, significant progress has also been reported regarding the clinical potential of this anti-cancer gene. For example, many groups are utilizing mda-7/IL-24 in combination with other cancer therapies. This review examines the current research and potential future of this important anti-cancer gene.