Glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of the inner core region of different lipopolysaccharides

The inner core of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures in Gram-negative bacteria is considered a highly conserved region. The sugar connecting the membrane-associated lipid A moiety with the hydrophilic saccharide moiety, 3-deoxy-α-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) is present in every LPS molecule investigated but it may be partially replaced by d-glycero-α-d-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Ko). l-Glycero-α-d-manno-heptose (Hep) and phosphate residues are part of most but not all LPS structures and additionally, modifications with 4-amino-4-deoxy-β-l-arabinose (Ara4N) residues occur in some. A number of different glycosyltransferases is involved in the biosynthesis of the inner core region of different lipopolysaccharides. Here, we report the characterization of Kdo transferases, heptosyltransferases and Ara4N transferases from a variety of bacteria.