Mutation of cGMP phosphodiesterase 6α′-subunit gene causes progressive degeneration of cone photoreceptors in zebrafish

In mammals, the blockade of the phototransduction cascade causes loss of vision and, in some cases, degeneration of photoreceptors. However, the molecular mechanisms that link phototransduction with photoreceptor degeneration remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that a mutation in the gene encoding a central effector of the phototransduction cascade, cGMP phosphodiesterase 6α′-subunit (PDE6α′), affects not only the vision but also the survival of cone photoreceptors in zebrafish. We isolated a zebrafish mutant, called eclipse (els), which shows no visual behavior such as optokinetic response (OKR). The cloning of the els mutant gene revealed that a missense mutation occurred in the pde6α′ gene, resulting in a change in a conserved amino acid. The PDE6 expressed in rod photoreceptors is a heterotetramer comprising two closely related similar hydrolytic α and β subunits and two identical inhibitory γ subunits, while the PDE6 expressed in cone photoreceptors consists of two homodimers of α′ subunits, each with γ subunits. The els mutant displays no visual response to bright light, where cones are active, but shows relatively normal OKR to dim light, where only rods function, suggesting that only the cone-specific phototransduction pathway is disrupted in the els mutant. Furthermore, in the els mutant, cones are selectively eliminated but rods are retained at the adult stage, suggesting that cones undergo a progressive degeneration in the els mutant retinas. Taken together, these data suggest that PDE6α′ activity is important for the survival of cones in zebrafish.