Pharmacokinetics in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid and plasma of ampicillin and pivampicillin administered to horses

Ampicillin concentrations in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) and plasma was studied after single intravenous ampicillin administration (15 mg/kg) or single intragastric administration of its prodrug, pivampicillin (19.9 mg/kg) to horses and discussed in relation to minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of common equine respiratory pathogens.After intravenous administration, elimination of ampicillin was fast and not detectable in plasma after 12 h in three out of six horses. Pivampicillin was absorbed well in non-fasted horses with an oral bioavailability of 36%. The degree of penetration of ampicillin into PELF, as described by the AUCPELF/AUCplasma ratio from 0 to 12 h was 0.40 after intravenous administration and 1.00 after pivampicillin administration.In horses, ampicillin administered either intravenously or orally, in the form of pivampicillin, can provide clinically relevant drug concentrations in PELF for at least 12 h, when treating susceptible equine respiratory pathogens (e.g. streptococci). Treatment of other bacterial pathogens requires susceptibility testing and possibly more frequent dosing, depending of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values.