Contribution of cytokines to pathology and protection in virus infection

Acute and chronic viral infections greatly contribute to global health burden. While concerted action of multiple elements of the immune system help the host cope with most viruses, some infections lead to host damage or death. Cytokines are central drivers and controllers of both immune-mediated virus elimination and of immunopathology. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the protective and damaging roles in viral infections of cytokines and chemokines associated with innate, regulatory, and Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses.

► We review recent findings on cytokine effects in viral infections and co-infections.
► One focus is the immunomodulatory role of type 1 interferon.
► Regulatory cytokines like IL-10 and TGFβ have complex effects in acute infections.
► IL-7 was proposed as therapy for chronic viral infection.
► Cytokines related to Th1, Th2 and Th17 type responses are also discussed.