Adenosine and autism: A spectrum of opportunities

In rodents, insufficient adenosine produces behavioral and physiological symptoms consistent with several comorbidities of autism. In rodents and humans, stimuli postulated to increase adenosine can ameliorate these comorbidities. Because adenosine is a broad homeostatic regulator of cell function and nervous system activity, increasing adenosine's influence might be a new therapeutic target for autism with multiple beneficial effects.This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘Neurodevelopmental Disorders’.

► Autism rates are increasing, and there are no biologically-validated treatments for its core symptoms.
► Adenosine-based strategies may be helpful with core symptoms and comorbidities.
► For autism with refractory epilepsy, a ketogenic diet might offer multiple benefits.
► Currently approved drugs could be tested immediately and provide adjuvant therapy.