The concept of bio-corona in modulating the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials (ENM)

• “Nanotoxicology” has emerged an autonomous field with an explosive growth.
• Nanomaterials adsorb (bio)molecules forming the so-called (bio)molecule corona.
• (Fine-)tune of the corona composition could enable new possibilities in nanomedicine.

Besides the wide use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in technical products, their application spectrum in biotechnology and biomedicine is steadily increasing. In complex physiological environments the physico-chemical properties and the behavior of nanoparticles (NPs) are challenging to characterize. Biomolecules rapidly adsorb to the nanomaterial, leading to the formation of the protein/biomolecule corona, which critically affects the nanomaterials' (patho)biological and technical identities. This formation can trigger an immune response and affect nanoparticles' toxicity and targeting capabilities. In this review, we provide a survey of recent findings on the (protein)corona-nanoparticle interaction and discuss how the corona modulates both cytotoxicity and the immune response as well as to improve the efficacy of targeted delivery of nanocarriers.