The growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in girls and women with Turner syndrome

Growth hormone (GH), its receptor and signaling cascade and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system are important regulators of growth and metabolic homeostasis. The GH–IGF axis in girls and women with Turner syndrome has been studied by many groups. A variety of distinct abnormalities as to synthesis and secretion of GH and IGFs as well as perturbed signaling and impaired biologic responses to GH and/or IGFs have been reported. This chapter summarizes the literature and gives a synopsis of current knowledge as to findings related to the GH and IGF system in girls and women with Turner syndrome.