Pentoxifylline prevents the meglumine antimonate-induced renal toxicity in rats, but not that induced by the inorganic antimony pentachloride

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a mediator of inflammation and has an important role in human and experimental renal diseases. Pentoxifylline (PTX) has been shown to inhibit cytokine synthesis, including TNF-α. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of PTX on meglumine antimonate (SbV) and antimony pentachloride (SbCl5)-induced renal toxicity in rats. Sixty Wistar rats were divided into six groups according to the treatment employed over the period of 7 days: group I—saline (NaCl 0.9%); group II—PTX plus saline; group III—meglumine antimonate (SbV) plus saline; group IV—meglumine antimonate (SbV) plus PTX; group V—SbCl5 plus saline; group VI—SbCl5 with PTX. The animals’ urinary concentration ability was evaluated before and after the end of the treatment. Urine and blood osmolality, sodium and creatinine concentration, and urine volume per minute (V) were determined. Creatinine clearance (CrCl), fractional sodium excretion (FENa), and urine to plasma osmolality ratio (U/P osm) were calculated. TNF-α concentration in blood was assessed. On the seventh day, the animals were sacrificed and their kidneys were submitted to histological analysis. The meglumine antimonate (SbV)-treated animals showed an impaired renal capacity to concentrate urine, with low values of the ratio U/P osm, reduction in CrCl, and an increment in TNF-α serum levels. PTX associated with meglumine antimonate (SbV) reduced TNF-α serum levels and was effective in preventing renal functional alterations. Rats treated with SbCl5 showed functional and histopathologic alterations compatible with acute tubular necrosis, and treatment with PTX did not prevent SbCl5-induced nephrotoxicity. PTX was effective in preventing renal functional alterations induced by meglumine antimonate (SbV) in rats.