Prevention of osteoporosis: From infancy through older adulthood

Osteoporosis is a worldwide health concern for individuals of all ethnic and racial groups. The number of individuals diagnosed with osteoporosis and the rate of osteoporotic fractures increases significantly with age. Some variation in the development of osteoporosis can also be related to gender and race, with both genetic and lifestyle factors influencing bone development. Both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors have been identified as contributing to the development of osteoporosis. Modifiable risk factors are related to diet, smoking, alcohol use and activity level. By understanding the development of the skeletal system and the lifestyle choices that maximize bone development, the risk of development of osteoporosis can be minimized. Physical activity contributes to development of the skeletal system in all age and ethnic groups. Maintaining high levels of physical activity is important across the life span to increase the peak bone mass developed and optimize bone mass during the bone remodelling phases of older adulthood. Bone development and remodelling are influenced by the mechanical strain placed upon the bone during physical activity. By understanding how mechanical forces influence bone development, exercise programmes can be developed that will most effectively stimulate bone growth. The focus of this review will be to discuss factors influencing the life span development of the skeletal system, theoretical frameworks related to bone growth in response to mechanical forces, and the development of osteoporosis prevention programmes for individuals of all ages.