Caffeine Intoxication and Addiction

Caffeine, one of the world's most popular psychoactive substances, is sought for its central nervous system stimulant effects. If coffee, tea, and soda alone do not provide the desired stimulation, some consumers are turning to the newest fad in the caffeine market, energy drinks. These beverages are loaded with caffeine and sugar, infused with herbal additives, and marketed particularly to youth. Caffeine produces dose-dependent symptoms, and intoxication may develop with overconsumption. Caffeine is also recognized for its addictive properties, and discontinuation results in a withdrawal syndrome. Nurse practitioners are encouraged to consider caffeine intoxication, addiction, and withdrawal syndrome in the differential when patients complain of characteristic symptoms. Ongoing nutritional assessment and education on moderation are key to reducing the overuse of caffeinated energy drinks.