Attenuation of morphine-induced dependence and tolerance by ceftriaxone and amitriptyline in mice

IntroductionTolerance to and dependence on the analgesic effect of opioids is a pharmacological phenomenon that occurs after their prolonged administration.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of ceftriaxone and amitriptyline on the development of morphine-induced tolerance and dependence.MethodsIn this study, 18 groups (9 groups each for tolerance and dependency tests) of mice (n = 8) received saline [10 mL/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)], morphine (50 mg/kg, i.p.), ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg, i.p., 100 mg/kg, i.p., and 200 mg/kg, i.p.), amitriptyline (5 mg/kg, i.p., 10 mg/kg, i.p., and 15 mg/kg, i.p.), or a combination of ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg, i.p.) once per day for 4 days for investigation and comparison of the effects of ceftriaxone and amitriptyline on the prevention of dependency and tolerance to morphine. Tolerance was assessed with administration of morphine (9 mg/kg, i.p.) and using the hot plate test on the 5th day. In dependency tests, withdrawal symptoms were assessed on the 4th day for each animal 30 minutes after the administration of naloxone (4 mg/kg, i.p.; 2 hours after the last dose of morphine).ResultsIt was found that treatment with ceftriaxone or amitriptyline attenuated the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of morphine and also reduced naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping and standing on feet. Furthermore, coadministration of ceftriaxone and amitriptyline at low doses (50 mg/kg, i.p. and 5 mg/kg, i.p., respectively) prior to morphine injection also decreased both morphine-induced tolerance and dependence.ConclusionResults indicate that the treatment with ceftriaxone and amitriptyline, alone or in combination, could attenuate the development of morphine-induced tolerance and dependence.