Sarcoidosis Appearing During Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor α Therapy: A New “Class Effect” Paradoxical Phenomenon. Two Case Reports and Literature Review

ObjectivesTo report 2 cases of sarcoidosis that developed during treatment with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) antagonists, infliximab and adalimumab, used for inflammatory rheumatic disease and to review previously reported cases.MethodsWe describe 2 patients, the first with psoriatic arthritis, the second with rheumatoid arthritis, who developed noncaseating granulomas of the lungs consistent with sarcoidosis while being treated with anti-TNFα drugs. A retrospective review of the literature was performed using the PubMed database.ResultsIn our patients sarcoidosis developed after 2 years of continuous treatment with infliximab and adalimumab. Both patients presented with low-grade fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis was established by the typical well-formed noncaseating granulomas on transbronchial biopsy, after excluding all other granulomatous conditions. Following withdrawal of anti-TNFα agents and a brief course of steroids, the clinical picture resolved. Thirteen additional cases of sarcoidosis that developed after anti-TNFα treatment have been reported, and in 9 of these the causative agent was etanercept.ConclusionsThe development of sarcoidosis during treatment with TNFα antagonists represents a rare and paradoxical adverse event. The occurrence of sarcoidosis with all 3 available agents suggests a new “class effect” probably linked to a cytokine disequilibrium in patients receiving anti-TNFα treatment.