Somatostatin and somatostatin receptors in fish growth

Multiple forms of somatostatin (SS) and SS receptors (SSTR) are produced widely in the tissues of fish and interact to coordinate numerous physiological processes. Insight into their role in growth regulation emerged from studies of abnormal growth and of whole animals. The influence of SS on organismal growth operates at several levels of the growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) system. SS inhibits production and release of pituitary GH, but not all forms of SS are equipotent in this action. SS also influences the GH–IGF-1 system in an extrapituitary manner by reducing sensitivity to GH as well as by inhibiting IGF-1 production and secretion, and diminishing IGF-1 sensitivity. Peripheral actions of SS are important for the local control of growth and may help to coordinate growth with other processes such as metabolism, development, and reproduction by reprogramming cell responsiveness.