Transcription of signal-3 cytokines, IL-12 and IFNαβ, coincides with the timing of CD8αβ up-regulation during viral infection of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Mammalian naïve CD8+ T cells are activated by antigen (signal 1) and CD28 costimulation (signal 2) to undergo several rounds of cell division, but programming for survival, effector function and memory requires a third signal that can be provided by IL-12 and/or type I interferons. Functional studies indicate that the route of antigen presentation and costimulation are conserved from fish to mammals. However, the potential of IL-12 and IFNαβ to act as signal-3 cytokines in infections inducing a CTL response has not been examined in fish. We report the cloning of CD8α and CD8β homologues, each present in duplicate copies and of two TCR-Cα isoforms in European common carp. The identification of (cytotoxic) T cell marker sequences and the availability of sequences coding for the signal-3 cytokines in the same fish species, allowed us to investigate by RT-qPCR their kinetics of gene expression during viral and parasitic infection. Our results show that transcription of signal-3 cytokines occurred concomitantly with CD8αβ up-regulation exclusively at 4 days post-primary viral infection. No regulation of IL-12 and IFNαβ was observed after parasitic infection. Our data provide evidences for an evolutionary conservation of function for IL-12 and IFNαβ to act as third signal during CTL activation. In addition, we suggest that a CD8α2/β1 and a p35p40b association could be the preferred combinations for the formation of a functional CD8 co-receptor and an IL-12p70 heterodimer during viral infection. The relevance of our findings to future vaccination strategies in fish is discussed.