Discrepancies between subgeneric classification and molecular phylogeny of Ceratitis (Diptera: Tephritidae), can the evolution of host use provide some clues?

► Stenophagy in the genus Ceratitis evolved repeatedly and independently in five different clades. ► The evolution of stenophagy in Ceratits appears related to the use of “unconventional” fruits (toxic and/or not fleshy). ► Two new monophyletic groups including Ceratalaspis/Hoplolophomyia (viz. Cl(A), and Cl(B) + H) were resolved. ► The evolution of feeding preferences is closely related to the phylogenetic patterns of Ceratalaspis/Hoplolophomyia.