2016: A ‘Mitochondria’ Odyssey

The integration of the many roles of mitochondria in cellular function and the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to disease are major areas of research. Within this realm, the roles of mitochondria in immune defense, epigenetics, and stem cell (SC) development have recently come into the spotlight. With new understanding, mitochondria may bring together these seemingly unrelated fields, a crucial process in treatment and prevention for various diseases. In this review we describe novel findings in these three arenas, discussing the significance of the interplay between mitochondria and the cell nucleus in response to environmental cues. While we optimistically anticipate that further research in these areas can have a profound impact on disease management, we also bring forth some of the key questions and challenges that remain.

TrendsMitochondria play a pivotal role in the immune system by detecting foreign invaders through signaling pathways (e.g., inflammasomes) and generating immune responses. Modulation of this role might open up new therapeutic potential.Methylation by DNA methyltransferases contributes to the epigenetic modification of mitochondrial DNA. Dysregulation of the mitochondrial epigenome within cells has been implicated in various diseases.Mitochondria contribute to tissue regeneration and integrity, which are maintained by stem cell renewal and differentiation. Stem cells present exciting medical possibilities in regenerative medicine. Understanding specific mitochondrial biology in stem cells is vital.Novel techniques are allowing the study of mitochondria in much greater detail than before.Possible new therapeutic avenues are emerging with increased scientific knowledge linking mitochondria to immunity, epigenetics, and stem cell biology.