Relation of Symptomatic Heart Failure and Psychological Status to Persistent Depression in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator

Studies on psychological morbidity in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) have focused on mean differences rather than intraindividual differences. Such an approach masks the chronicity of symptoms in individual patients and the potential differences in cardiac outcomes. We examined the prevalence and correlates of persistent depression using an intraindividual approach. Consecutive patients who had undergone ICD implantation (n = 386; 79.3% men) completed a set of validated questionnaires, including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), at baseline and 3 months after implantation. Information on ICD therapies was obtained by device interrogation. At 3 months after implantation, 52 (14%) of the 386 patients had persistent depression (HADS cutoff ≥8 before and 3 months after implantation). Heart failure (odds ratio [OR] 2.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26 to 4.15), cardiac resynchronization therapy (OR 1.92; 95% CI 1.05 to 3.52), New York Heart Association class III-IV (OR 2.47; 95% CI 1.36 to 4.48), diabetes (OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.01 to 4.29), Type D personality (OR 8.30; 95% CI 4.42 to 15.58), high levels of ICD concerns (OR 2.60; 95% CI 1.44 to 1.71), diuretics (OR 2.41; 95% CI 1.26 to 4.61), and psychotropic medication (OR 3.58; 95% CI 1.86 to 6.90) were all significant univariate correlates of persistent depression at 3 months. No effect was found for ICD shock during follow-up (OR 1.59; 95% CI 0.57 to 4.41). In adjusted analysis, New York Heart Association class III-IV (OR 2.95; 95% CI 1.47 to 5.89), Type D personality (OR 7.98; 95% CI 3.98 to 16.04), and the use of psychotropic medication (OR 2.73; 95% CI 1.27 to 5.84) were independent correlates of persistent depression. In conclusion, symptomatic heart failure, psychological status, and psychotropic medication use predicted persistent depression after ICD implantation.