High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema Is Associated With Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Abnormalities

ObjectivesHigh-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) can develop in unacclimatized persons after acute ascent to high altitude and is associated with fibrinolytic and coagulation abnormalities. The authors investigated whether fibrinolytic and coagulation abnormalities were associated with the severity of HAPE.MethodsSixty-one patients who developed HAPE after acute ascent to altitudes above 3600 m were recruited. Twenty unacclimatized controls who acutely ascended to the same altitude and 20 acclimatized inhabitants served as controls. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels were measured using chromogenic substrate assays. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was determined by the sodium sulphite fractionation method. The concentrations of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and D-dimer were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThe plasma concentrations of D-dimer, fibrinogen, FDP and t-PA and PAI-1 were significantly higher in patients with HAPE than controls. In addition, these abnormalities were correlated with the severity of HAPE. The plasma concentrations of D-dimer and fibrinogen recovered to normal upon recovery from HAPE while t-PA, PAI-1 and FDP levels in HAPE patients still remained significantly increased over those of unacclimatized controls.ConclusionThe development of HAPE is associated with abnormalities in the fibrinolysis and coagulation system, and these abnormalities correlate with the severity of HAPE.