The Israel Nationwide Heart Failure Survey: Sex Differences in Early and Late Mortality for Hospitalized Heart Failure Patients

BackgroundCurrent data on the influence of sex on the prognosis of heart failure (HF) are conflicting, possibly owing to the use of different end points and a heterogeneous heart failure population in earlier studies. We sought to evaluate the effect of sex on the risk of early and late mortality outcomes after hospitalization for acute heart failure.Methods and ResultsThe prospective cohort study population comprised 2,212 hospitalized patients with acute HF enrolled in a multicenter national survey in Israel. Cox proportional-hazards regression modeling was used to evaluate the effect of sex on the risk of early (≤6 months) and late (>6 months to 4 years) mortality after the index hospitalization. Among the study patients, 998 (45%) were women. Women with HF displayed significantly different clinical characteristics compared with men, including older age, higher frequency of HF with preserved ejection fraction and hypertensive heart disease, and lower percentage of coronary artery disease (all P < .001). The fully adjusted multivariable analyses for mortality outcomes showed that women tended toward an increased risk for early (≤6 months) mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96–1.41; P = .13), whereas men had significantly increased risk for late (>6 months) mortality (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.09–1.43; P = .001).ConclusionsThere are important differences in the clinical characteristics and the short- and long-term outcomes between men and women hospitalized with acute HF after adjusting for multiple confounding variables.