Noxious arousal induces T-wave changes in healthy subjects

BackgroundSudden arousal has been associated with sudden cardiac death in individuals with ischemic heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and the congenital long QT syndrome. This study aimed to determine the effects of arousal on ventricular repolarization in normal individuals by examining the dynamic QT interval–heart rate relationship and T-wave morphology changes under various “arousal” scenarios.MethodsEighteen healthy subjects (6 women and 12 men; median age, 22 years) underwent 4 separate 24-hour electrocardiogram recordings using 2-channel Holter recorders. The protocol contained 5 different arousal events: (1) natural waking (woke naturally, then stood up), (2) morning alarm (woken by alarm in the morning, then stood up); (3) night alarm (woken by alarm during the night, then stood up), (4) morning alarm–remain lying (woken by alarm in the morning but remained supine), and (5) lying to standing (stood up from a supine position during the day). Holter recordings were analyzed using a commercial package for dynamic assessment of the QT/RR relationship.ResultsIn the 20 minutes after arousal, no changes were seen in overall QT/RR relationship in any of the groups. However, marked T-wave morphology changes, including T-wave inversion, were observed in all the arousal events. Postural changes only accounted for a small proportion of change in T-wave morphology.ConclusionsIn healthy subjects, noxious arousal causes marked changes in the morphology of the T wave. This may reflect abnormal adaptation of repolarization to sudden changes in heart rate and autonomic tone.