Arterial antithrombotic effects of aspirin, heparin, enoxaparin and clopidogrel alone, or in combination, in the rat

IntroductionMany antithrombotic drugs may have a deleterious effect on normal haemostasis leading to bleeding complications. The aim of this study was to determine if sub-therapeutic (low) doses of antithrombotic agents, when administered in combination, have enhanced efficacy without augmentation of bleeding time.Materials and methodsThe antithrombotic effects of i.v. aspirin (4–30 mg/kg), heparin (100–500 U/kg), enoxaparin (4–30 mg/kg) and clopidogrel (10–20 mg/kg) were studied in a rat Folts-like preparation of carotid arterial thrombosis. The frequency of cyclic flow reductions (CFRs; indicating occlusive thrombus formation) and bleeding time were measured. Drug doses that were singly ineffective at preventing occlusive thrombus formation were tested in the following combinations: aspirin (10 mg/kg) with heparin (250 U/kg); aspirin (4 mg/kg) with enoxaparin (4 mg/kg); and aspirin (10 mg/kg) with clopidogrel (10 mg/kg).ResultsControl period (pretreatment) CFRs were not significantly different between groups; average 7.0 ± 0.3 CFRs/30 min (n = 64). Tail bleeding time before drug(s) was 3.1 ± 0.1 min (n = 86). When administered alone, aspirin (4–30 mg/kg), heparin (250 U/kg) or enoxaparin (4 mg/kg) had no effect on CFRs or bleeding time. Heparin (500 U/kg), enoxaparin (10 and 30 mg/kg) and clopidogrel (20 mg/kg) significantly decreased CFRs. Single administration of heparin (500 U/kg) or enoxaparin (30 mg/kg) increased bleeding time by 4- or 11-fold. When co-administered, aspirin 10 mg/kg and heparin 250 U/kg decreased CFRs, but also increased bleeding time by 11-fold. However, combination of aspirin and enoxaparin (4 mg/kg each), or aspirin and clopidogrel (10 mg/kg each), decreased CFRs with no effect on bleeding.ConclusionsIn a preparation of arterial thrombosis in the rat, combinations of sub-efficacious (low) doses of aspirin with enoxaparin or clopidogrel inhibited thrombus formation without augmenting bleeding time. However, low-dose aspirin combined with heparin, whilst inhibiting thrombus formation, exacerbated bleeding time. If these findings translate into the clinic, the use of effective low-dose combinations may have therapeutic advantages.