Intraventricular granulomatous mass associated with Mycobacterium haemophilum: A rare central nervous system manifestation in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection

We report a rare case of Mycobacterium haemophilum presenting as an intraventricular granulomatous mass with loculated hydrocephalus and seizures in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus. M. haemophilum, a slow-growing mycobacteria, causes localized and disseminated disease among immunocompromised hosts. Central nervous system infection with M. haemophilum is extremely rare. Preoperative laboratory testing of our patient for tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, sarcoidosis and histoplasmosis were negative. Surgical resection of the mass revealed a caseating granuloma that stained positive for acid-fast bacillus suggesting possible tuberculoma. Despite negative testing for tuberculosis, a polymerase chain reaction analysis was ultimately performed from the resected mass which revealed M. haemophilum. To our knowledge, this is the first case of M. haemophilum presenting as an intraventricular mass. We review the clinical manifestations of this pathogen and discuss the medical and surgical management.