Biomechanical effect of the extent of vertebral body fracture on the thoracolumbar spine with pedicle screw fixation: An in vitro study

A fractured vertebra does not transfer load as effectively as the intact vertebra. Patients who undergo surgery using short-segment pedicle screw instrumentation for middle-column injury may experience implant failure when vertebral body comminution is ignored. The purpose of this study was to investigate biomechanical effects of the extent of vertebral body fracture on the thoracolumbar spine after pedicle screw fixation and to evaluate the biomechanical role of anterior reconstruction. Twelve fresh porcine T12–L3 specimens were harvested and divided into two groups. A 2-mm drill bit was used to create holes in the L1 vertebra with two different extents: 1/6 and 1/3 vertebral body involvement. After the pre-injury had been created, specimens were subjected to flexion-compression to create a fracture in the body of the spine. Stiffness under axial-compression and flexion-compression were measured in intact specimens, after the fractured segments had been stabilized using transpedicular fixation, and after transpedicular fixation with anterior grafting. Despite fixation of the injured spine with pedicle screw instrumentation, the axial-compression and flexion-compression stiffness was still significantly lower than that of the intact group (p < 0.01). The stiffness was associated with the extent of vertebral body involvement; 1/6 vertebral body involvement was stiffer than the 1/3 involvement (p < 0.01). Additional anterior grafting significantly improved stiffness compared with posterior fixation alone (p < 0.01), and restored stiffness to the intact level. In any state, stiffness under axial-compression was always significantly greater than that under flexion-compression (p < 0.01). In conclusion, transpedicular fixation alone cannot provide sufficient stability for thoracolumbar fractures; the construct stability is related to the extent of vertebral body involvement. Recovering mechanical properties of the anterior and middle spinal column is a valuable measure for reducing the load-sharing of the posterior instrument.