The CD4+ T-cell subset lacking expression of the CD28 costimulatory molecule is expanded and shows a higher activation state in multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating disease, in which T-cells are considered to play a pivotal role. CD28 is the quintessential costimulatory molecule on T-cells and its expression declines progressively with repeated stimulations, leading to the generation of CD28− T-cells. Our aim was to examine whether CD4+CD28− T-cells were enriched in MS patients, and characterize the phenotype of this subset in MS patients and healthy controls (HC).All these changes could provide these CD4+CD28− T-cell characteristics that might be involved in the pathogenesis of MS, turning this T-cell subset into a potential target for future therapeutic strategies.