Neutrophils in multiple sclerosis are characterized by a primed phenotype

Neutrophils are armed with proteases with indiscriminate histotoxic potential, and to minimize tissue injury, their activation involves priming with inflammatory mediators before cells are fully activated in a second step. Here, we show that neutrophils in multiple sclerosis patients are more numerous and exhibit a primed state based on reduced apoptosis, higher expression of TLR-2, fMLP receptor, IL-8 receptor and CD43, enhanced degranulation and oxidative burst as well as higher levels of neutrophil extracellular traps in serum. The chronic inflammatory environment in multiple sclerosis probably underlies this inappropriate neutrophil priming, which may result in enhanced neutrophil activation during infection.