Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: Incidence and Associated Factors in a Pediatric Critical Care Population

BackgroundPosterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome may occur frequently and be underrecognized in children and young adults admitted to a pediatric critical care unit.MethodsPatients <21 years of age with the diagnosis of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome were reviewed in this retrospective cohort study conducted over a 30-month period.ResultsThere were 2588 admissions to pediatric critical care unit, 226 neurology service consultations, and 10 patients diagnosed with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (incidence of 1 in 259 pediatric critical care unit admissions, 0.4%). The majority of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome patients (9/10) presented with generalized tonic and or clonic seizures. Apart from hypertension and cytotoxic medication use, anemia, a previously unreported risk factor, was found in all 10 (100%) patients with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. One-year follow up available in eight patients showed no residual neurological deficits attributable to posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with significant resolution of white matter signal abnormalities on neuroimaging.ConclusionOur case cohort includes an estimation of incidence of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children and young adults with 1-year follow-up and anemia as a potential previously unreported risk factor.