Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Active Prohealing and Immunosuppressive Agents in Periapical Environment: Evidence from Human and Experimental Periapical Lesions

IntroductionPrevious studies describe contrasting molecular profiles of active and inactive periapical granulomas characterized by distinct expression of cytokines, osteoclastogenic factors, and wound healing markers. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying such a dichotomy remain unknown, in this study we investigated the potential involvement of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in determining human and murine periapical lesion activity and outcomes.MethodsPeriapical granulomas (n = 83) and control samples (n = 24) were comparatively assessed for the expression levels of 11 mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Experimental periapical lesions induced in mice were evaluated for MSC marker expression and the effects of AMD3100 treatment on lesion outcomes.ResultsMCS marker expression was prevalent in periapical granulomas compared with that in controls, whereas CD29, CD73, CD90, CD146, CD166, NANOG, Stro-1, and CXCR4 expressions were higher in inactive than in active lesions. Experimental periapical lesion inactivity was also associated with an increased expression of MSC markers. The inhibition of MSC mobilization to the periapex by AMD3100 resulted in increased lesion sizes; decreased expression of MSCs and wound healing markers; and increased expression of interleukin 1 beta (IL-17β), interleukin 17 (IL-17), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL).ConclusionsOur results show that MSC markers are overexpressed in inactive human and experimental periapical lesions and that MSC mobilization results in the attenuation of experimental lesion progression associated with immunosuppressive and prohealing mechanisms.