Hydrogen Peroxide Induces Apoptosis in Human Dental Pulp Cells via Caspase-9 Dependent Pathway

IntroductionReactive oxygen species are a group of metabolic intermediates produced during oxidative metabolism in eukaryotic cells. They include superoxide anion (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and 1O2. Of these intermediates, H2O2 is the most stable. Dental pulp cells can be invaded by tooth bleaching, laser radiation, and dental materials. This can influence the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species. Apoptosis, which is the best-known form of programmed cell death, is pivotal to tissue development and regeneration. Little information is available regarding the relationship between H2O2 and apoptosis of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether H2O2 can induce apoptosis in hDPCs and its signaling way.MethodsHDPCs were obtained by using a modified tissue explant technique in vitro and cultured at 37°C, 20% O2 (5% CO2, 95% air) in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium. Cell viability was investigated by methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by using the annexin V–fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide apoptosis assay and flow cytometry. Expression of activated caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and β-actin was analyzed by using Western blot.ResultsCell viability of hDPCs decreased more in treated groups than in the control group from days 1 to 7. The relative number of apoptotic cells and the expression of activated caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9 were much higher in groups exposed to 20 and 50 μmol/L H2O2.ConclusionsThese results imply that low concentrations of H2O2 are cytotoxic to hDPCs and induce apoptosis in hDPCs in a caspase-9–dependent way.