Auditory hallucinations in a cross-diagnostic sample of psychotic disorder patients: a descriptive, cross-sectional study

BackgroundAuditory hallucinations (AH) are a cardinal feature of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. They are not disease specific, however, and can occur in other conditions, including affective psychoses.MethodsIn this descriptive, cross-sectional study, we examined AH in relation to other psychotic symptoms, mood symptoms, illness severity, and functional status in 569 patients with psychosis (n = 172 schizophrenia, n = 153 schizoaffective disorder, n = 244 bipolar disorder with psychotic features).ResultsA total of 323 (56.7%) patients reported a lifetime history of AH (75.6% of patients with schizophrenia, 71.9% schizoaffective disorder, and 34.0% bipolar disorder). The mean score for the hallucinations item (P3) of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in the AH group was 3.66 ± 1.79, indicating mild to moderate state hallucinations severity. Auditory hallucinations were strongly associated with hallucinations in other sensory modalities and with the first-rank symptoms of delusions of control, thought insertion, and thought broadcasting. Multivariate analysis showed that AH were associated with lower education even after controlling for diagnosis, age, and sex. There was no association between AH and functional status as measured by the Multnomah Community Ability Scale.ConclusionsAuditory hallucinations are associated with specific clinical features across the continuum of both schizophrenic and affective psychoses independent of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnosis.