A Prominent Role for Mucosal Cystine/Cysteine Metabolism in Intestinal Immunoregulation

Background & Aims: T-cell receptor reactivity of intestinal lamina propria T cells (LP-T) critically depends on the capacity of local accessory cells to secrete cysteine. For T cells, cysteine is the limiting precursor for glutathione synthesis, a prerequisite for antigen-dependent proliferation. We aimed to determine the role of the redoxactive microenvironment for hyporeactivity of LP-T in normal human gut vs hyperreactivity of LP-T in inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: Parameters relevant to cysteine production, determined as acid-soluble thiol, by intestinal lamina propria macrophages (LP-MO) vs peripheral blood monocytes were investigated (L-[35S]cystine uptake via system xc−, messenger RNA, and protein expression of the cystine transporter subunit xCT). Glutathione levels in LP-T and peripheral blood T cells were analyzed both spectrophotometrically and by immunofluorescent staining in situ and in vitro. Results: LP-MO from normal gut, unlike peripheral blood monocytes, are unable to take up cystine, which is due to a deficient expression of the transporter xCT in situ and in vitro. As a consequence, LP-MO do not secrete cysteine. The glutathione content in LP-T from normal gut is <50% of that in autologous peripheral blood T cells. In contrast, in inflammatory bowel disease, CD14+CD68+ LP-MO express xCT and secrete substantial amounts of cysteine upon stimulation, which results in high glutathione levels and full T-cell receptor reactivity in LP-T. Conclusions: The antioxidative microenvironment of LP-T in inflammatory bowel disease and the prooxidative microenvironment in normal gut explain the differential T-cell receptor reactivities.