Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of heterologous prime-boost regimens with mycobacterial vaccines and recombinant adenovirus- and poxvirus-vectored vaccines against murine tuberculosis

SummaryObjectivesTo evaluate regimens using bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) or recombinant BCG (rBCG) overexpressing Ag85B for priming, followed by boosting with a modified vaccinia virus Ankara strain (MVA) and/or adenovirus vector (AD) expressing an Ag85B–ESAT6 fusion protein.MethodsCellular and humoral immune responses were determined after subcutaneous vaccination, which was employed to trigger systemic immunity against intravenous infection in a mouse model of tuberculosis (TB). Bacterial loads and lung histology were evaluated.ResultsThe relative IgG2a and IgG1 antibody levels indicated that the viral-vectored vaccines generated a T-helper type 1 (Th1)-biased response after two doses of viral boost vaccinations. Boosting BCG-primed mice with viral vaccines induced a Th1 immune response that included both CD4 and CD8 T-cells generating antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and CD8 T cytotoxic activity. Only mice vaccinated with two different viral boosters after BCG priming exhibited a significant reduction in bacterial burden in the lung after challenge. Histology examinations confirmed the attenuation of lung damage and more compact granulomas. After mycobacteria priming, boosting with AD85B-E6 followed by MVA85B-E6 afforded better protection than the reverse order of administration of the viral vectors.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the potential of multiple heterologous viral booster vaccines, although the exact correlates of protection and optimal regimens should be further investigated for the rational design of future vaccine strategies.