Clinical and lifestyle-related risk factors for incident multimorbidity: 10-year follow-up of Finnish population-based cohorts 1982–2012

• Smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity predispose to multimorbidity.
• Hypertension, unhealthy diet, and low education also play a role.
• Patients with DM or CVD have risk factors which are not treated sufficiently.
• More effort is needed to manage the risk factors to prevent multimorbidity.

BackgroundMultimorbidity is a huge burden to individuals and societies and more attention should be paid on its risk factors and prevention possibilities. The aim of this study was to investigate which clinical and lifestyle characteristics predict the development of multimorbidity both among initially disease-free people and among people who have diabetes or CVD.MethodsData comprised 25–64 year old, randomly selected men and women (n = 32,972) who participated in one of the five national FINRISK surveys between 1982 and 2002 in Finland. The surveys included anthropometric measurements, blood samples and structured questionnaire. Data on incident diagnoses of the five most common chronic diseases during 10 years were received from the national registers on mortality, hospitalizations, and reimbursement rights.ResultsPredisposing factors for multimorbidity among disease-free population were smoking, physical inactivity, and BMI. Among men also systolic blood pressure and low education predicted multimorbidity.Among men with DM at baseline, high blood pressure, physical inactivity, and smoking increased the likelihood of incident multimorbidity. Among women, significant predictors of multimorbidity were high BMI and smoking.Among men and women with CVD, the only baseline factor that was significantly associated with the development of multimorbidity in the multivariate prediction model was low fruit and vegetable consumption.ConclusionSeveral modifiable clinical and lifestyle risk factors were found to predict incident multimorbidity. Better recognition and management of these risk factors could potentially have a large impact on the development of multimorbidity, and consequently, premature mortality and costs of care among the aging populations.