Provably-secure electronic cash based on certificateless partially-blind signatures

We extend the partially-blind signature approach into certificateless public key cryptography to eliminate the key escrow problem that occurs with identities in public key cryptography. We also formalize conditions for security for certificateless partially-blind signature schemes. We also present a practical certificateless partially-blind signature scheme to make electronic cash untraceable. We prove the scheme to be unforgeable in the face of message attacks under the computational Diffie–Hellman assumption.