Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the Elderly Population: Current Prevalence, Future Projections, and Clinical Significance

The world's population is aging, with the number of older adults projected to increase dramatically over the next 2 decades. This trend poses major challenges to health care systems, reflecting the greater health care use and more comorbid conditions among elderly adults. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a substantial concern in the elderly population, with both an increasing incidence of treated kidney failure with dialysis as well as a high prevalence of earlier stages of CKD. Given the high burden of risk factors for CKD, the high prevalence of CKD in the elderly population is not surprising, with the rise in obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in middle-aged adults likely foreshadowing further increases in CKD prevalence among the elderly population. It is now commonly agreed that the presence of CKD identifies a higher risk state in the elderly population, with increased risk for multiple adverse outcomes, including kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, and death. Accordingly, CKD in older adults is worthy of attention by both health care providers and patients, with the presence of a reduced glomerular filtration rate or albuminuria in the elderly potentially informing therapeutic and diagnostic decisions for these individuals.