Subclinical Tubular Injury in HIV-Infected Individuals on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Cross-sectional Analysis

Patients with HIV had high rates of subclinical proteinuria, but neither UP/C nor UA/C is sufficiently sensitive alone to detect many of these cases. Patients using TDF have increased URBP/C and UP/C; the significance of this will need to be determined from longer-term outcome studies.